Analyzing the Effects of the English Language on Our Nation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1610 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/09/13 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Analyzing the Effects of the English Language on Our Nation A. Language. We see, hear, and use it every day. Language may vary in form and size. Today, English language is recognized as a world language and commonly used in many cultures. However, hundreds of different languages exist in the world and some issues may arise when English is not the native language of a speaker. The languages differ widely in terms of the number of people who use them. Stereotypes and generalizations are formed on non-native speakers when English proficiency is enforced. Social, cultural, and economic factors have an impact on the manner and extent to which language unifies and divides our nation. B. In society, the media is a language tool commonly used to represent a material and social infrastructure for communication among people. Hjarvard mentions in an article that the media is a characteristic of society and â€Å"quite naturally has an imprint on language† (Hjarvard 75). The media has and will continue to serve as a vital necessity for international communication, both formal and informal. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Analyzing the Effects of the English Language on Our Nation" essay for you Create order Hjarvard continues to state the fact that â€Å"language both in political and commercial contexts and intercultural exchanges act as bridges between people who cross cultural frontiers or like to enrich their lives with media products from abroad† (Hjarvard 76). Consumers should consider their personal and social values for themselves rather than society as a whole. The media may influence ones decision to purchase a particular product based on the message communicated to the audience; however, the final decision belongs to the individual themselves. Along with the idea that many social influences are expressed through the media, the issue of miscommunication or misunderstanding may come up. The use of improper or â€Å"broken English† by non-native English speakers may cause native English speakers to generalize the idea that speakers of other languages are uneducated and often discriminated. Amy Tan is particular individual who has shared an experience where non-native speakers of English use the language on a limited level. According to Amy, people made the limited English seem â€Å"as if every is limited, including peoples perceptions of the limited English speaker† (Tan 122). Instead of jumping into false accusations of non-native English speakers, society should have an open mind that these speakers are capable of communicating their message properly if given the chance to do so. Non-native speakers can improve their knowledge of the proper grammatical usage of the English language in order to add clarity to their speech and interaction between others in any society where English is spoken. In terms of the economy, opportunities for jobs have become widely available to individuals all around the world. In many nations, the demands for English teachers are high in order to educate the citizens of their cultural society to integrate a global awareness of universal language. Block states in his article that â€Å"as a result, there has recently been an altogether more reflective and refined approach to language teaching methods and their transferability around the world as well as to the cultural appropriacy of particular language teaching materials in different parts of the world† (Block 76). However, there is a mutual benefit between native and non-native speakers of English. In fact, Foroudastan states that that the â€Å"lack of linguistic unity costs the government money as it spends millions of dollars translating public documents and providing translation services† (Foroudastan 1). People of a different ethnic background who speak their native language may find a stable career in dialectal translation. This way, we have a win-win situation. C. In an increasingly globalized world, the level of agreement with international issues varies from civilization to civilization. Language is a vital tool used to communicate the facts of these issues and may divide nations more rather than unify them. English is a common language people use whenever they wish to communicate with others outside their own linguistic community. Some nations disagree with the idea of Western dominance and control among other indigenous civilizations. Block argues in his article that others see language as a â€Å"sociological descriptor of events going on around us† (Block 75). This is how everyone around the world knows about the international affairs that may affect ones cultural society, the nations economy, and politics. D. In a realistic world, the world would be a perfect place if every civilization came to agreement on international issues that affect every cultures society, economy, and politics. Unfortunately, many may find themselves dreaming about this occurrence because it seems impossible. There are, however, courses of steps that nations can implement to improve the conditions of language on their society as a whole. Money has always been used as an incentive to persuade consumers to adapt to the popular interests of society that benefit economies and businesses all around the world today. It is possible for individuals or people to have the best thing or experience that would benefit for themselves. Krauss believes that â€Å"in order for countries and governments to improve their economies, they must trade or do business with other foreign countries (Krauss 1). Obviously, the foreign country that they’re dealing with would have a different language and culture. The use and the spread of the English language across the globe would be extremely helpful in a situation like this. Having a universal language for everyone to speak would be beneficial, since it provides a common ground for everyone to communicate and settle cultural differences aside, uniting people of all different ethnicities. Another possible approach to improve the global influence of language, particularly English is to send a team of certified English teachers to foreign countries to educate students on the proper usage of English in any society they may find themselves in. Teaching English as a second language to speakers of other languages is a career that exists today. Many nations are demanding the need for English teachers to provide a cultural, societal, economic, and political affects of the English language. These teachers would need to attend school and obtain a degree that verifies their understanding and knowledge of teaching English. Tutoring during the summer break would be a great opportunity for teachers to travel abroad and spend valuable time non-native speakers and even obtain an eye-opening experience of life in certain cultures. Annotated Bibliography Block, David. â€Å"Globalization and language teaching. † Key Concepts in ELT. 1 Jan. 2004. Web. 17 Apr. 2010. In this article, the author defines globalization as an increase in international social relations that unite local cultures in a way where local occurrences are shaped by events that occur around the world. Five areas of common issues that are disagreed up by many civilizations are addressed by the author. In addition, specific examples are used in the article to describe the effect of globalization on teaching language . The article focuses on suggestions that language teachers should consider when approaching the situation. This article was very informative and served as an eye-opener. Foroudastan, Cameron. â€Å"Language unification adds benefits. † Campus Carrier Guest Writer. 3 Dec. 2009. Web. 17 Apr. 2010. The author of this article stresses the fact that language does indeed unify nations and provides many social and economic benefits. Foroudastan argues that in order for a integrated literate nation, English should be considered the official language of America. English as a universal language would eliminate the issue of the need for translators of different languages. The author also mentions the fact that proficiency in English is correlated to educational success. This article was descriptive in that the author mentions the aspects of unification that language provides. Hjarvard, Stig. â€Å"The Globalization of Language: How the media contribute to the spread of English and the emergence of medialects. † Plenary Session III. 2003. Web. 17 Apr. 2010. In this article, the author analyzes the role of media in the spread of English as well as the media-bound varieties of language. Hjarvard believes that the media is a component of culture and contributes to the globalization on the virtues of institutional structures. The author includes many specific examples as to what types of media have the most impact on society and culture. Whether the media are computers, television, music, etc. The author argues that English is not the only language being spread through the linguistic effects of the media. In addition, the media also affects the process of social and cultural distinction in certain civilizations. This article was very descriptive and informative. Krauss, Michael. â€Å"Language and Culture threatened by Globalization. † Alaska Native Language Center. 2009. Web. 17 Apr. 2010. This article describes the depreciation of culture and language as vital values to hold true to in society. The author mentions specific methods and examples as to society should approach the issue of globalization to preserve the economy in a culture. The author also explains the positive results of her suggestions on society and culture as a whole. Krauss also states the reality that globalization has always been an major issue in different cultures and societies around the world. This article was descriptive and informative. Tan, Amy. â€Å"Mother Tongue. † The New World Reader. Ed. Carrie Brandon. Boston: New York, 2008. 120-125. Print. Tan describes a personal experience on the variations of Englishness one may use depending on the situation and the receiver of the expressed language by the speaker. Certain instances may require the switch from informal to formal dialogue. The author focuses on the power of language that may present a variety of expressions. Tan describes an instance that resulted in the limited perception of her mother due to her â€Å"broken English†. The common generalization that non-native speakers are uneducated often leads to misunderstandings and misconceptions. This article stresses the value of English proficiency in society for proper treatment as a sophisticated individual. This article was descriptive and informative.

The Grizzly Bear Lodge - 4225 Words

Course Hero has millions of student submitted documents similar to the one below including study guides, practice problems, reference materials, practice exams, textbook help and tutor support. Grizzly the Bear Lodge Case Study Discuss how Rudy and Diane can use feed forward, concurrent, and feedback controls both nowandinthefutureattheGrizzlyBearLodgetoensuretheirguestssat isfaction. Feed Forward: Feed forward is really like preventative control. Rudy and Diane should implement plans for starting the expansion of their business. These plans should start immediately before any expansion work starts.Feedforward control would incorporate making sure that: Plans are in place to make sure that they themselves are available as well as†¦show more content†¦Were they under booked? They can also gather feedback from surveys left for guests’ in their rooms. What did the guests feel was good what was not so good? What about the business nearby that they wanted to wanted to offer guided excursions with? Did they get enough buy in or was this something that did not really flourish? The Grizzly Bear Lodge Case Study the Feedback they receive from these questions will help them with their feed forward controls for the New Year. They need to take these feedbacks and use them to plan for the New Year, what do they need to change; what worked well and will stay as it is? What might be some of the fundamental budgetary considerations the Conrad would have as they plan the expansion of their lodge? The Conrad need to take a look at their expenses. They currently have expenses at 230k. With the expansion they are planning they need to make sure that expenses willing crease at least in the short term. How much more expenses can they incur? They will most likely not see a drastic increase in profit right away. 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Allergies Involving Children Free Essays

Allergies Some children have food allergies which means that they cannot tolerate certain foods and they may become very ill which may lead to going into anaphylactic shock if they eat certain foods. Some children are allergic to nuts or eggs and it is very important to make sure these foods are avoided which means checking the ingredients of some food products very carefully as every small amount can cause problems for allergic children and also some medical conditions can be cause by a child’s diet e. g. We will write a custom essay sample on Allergies Involving Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now ood additives can affect the behaviour of some children with Attention Defiat Hyperactivity Disorder. Common food intolerances are:- Lactose – This is found in milk and dairy products Histamine – This is found in strawberries and ripe tomatoes. Tartrazine – This is mainly found in yellow food colouring, some drinks and sweets. Establishing different dietary requirements in your placement can be done by referring to the child’s parent, referring to the child’s record, speak to the children and referring to the other practitioners in your setting. Point which need to be considered are procedures, insurance, first aiders, allergies, photos in medical records, staff awareness, trained staff for administering medication and close contact with parents. Children with different dietary needs In a childcare setting you will encounter children with different dietary needs which are important because you may need to understand what can affect a Childs dietary requirements. Medical Conditions Medical conditions can affect a child’s diet in the following ways:- Diabetes which means that the pancreas cannot regulate the body’s sugar levels and children will need to avoid sugar but should have regular meals and snacks and also each child’s needs will be different and you will have to work closely with your supervisor and the child’s parent to support a diabetic child. Coeliac disease means that children cannot absorb their food normally and will need to avoid gluten which is mainly found in cerals such as wheat and barley and coeliac disease is usually detected after a child has been weaned from breast milk. Food Preferences Vegetarians do not eat meat, fish or any other products which come from animals such as milk, eggs and cheese. Also if children follow a vegetarian or vegan diet then special care must be taken to make sure all the essential nutrients are included in their diet. All children in your care must be able to eat and drink safely so that food poisoning or related illnesses are avoided and also bacteria can grow quickly on food and your role in handling food and drink appropriately is essential and you will need to understand how to store, prepare and serve food. Establish Different dietary requirements of children and young people There are various dietary requirements that you need to consider to meet the different needs of children which include religious, cultural, allergies, health requirements and individual choices or preferences. Religious and cultural Muslims – * Eat halal meat, fish, shell fish which is slaughtered and is prepared in a certain way. * Do not eat pork or dairy products that contain rennet which is curdled milk from the stomach of an unweaned. * Fast during Ramadan Jews- Do not eat dairy products with meat * Eat kosher lamb, beef and chicken which is slaughtered and prepared in a certain way. * Fast during Yorn Kippur * Fish should have fins, scales and backbones. Sikhs- * Do not eat beef as the cow is a sacred animal. * Some Sikhs may eat chicken, cheese, fish and shell fish. * Rarely eat pork Hindus * Do not eat meat as the cow is seen as a scared animal. * Do not eat dairy products that contain rennet * Usual ly vegetarian * Eat fish with fin and scales Rastafarians * Do eat lamb (some do) beef and chicken but do not eat shellfish. How to cite Allergies Involving Children, Papers

Record Formats free essay sample

Records are kept together by subject matter, for example; lab information are all together in one section, progress notes are all together, xray or laboratory tests are filed under a specific label, and so forth. The problem oriented records (POR) is recording important data about the health status of a patient in a problem-solving system. This data base gathers together all findings relative to a specific problem in the patient’s medical record, so physicians and nurses can share the knowledge of specific problems to plan their course of action that needs to be taken. It also consists of an initial plan and progress notes in the patient’s record. Problems include anything that requires diagnostic reviews, abnormal findings, and symptoms; also considered as a problem are medical, economic, and financial issues. The initial plan is a strategy that describes what actions should be taken to treat the patient’s issues. We will write a custom essay sample on Record Formats or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also used to document problems and notes is a SOAP structure which includes; subjective-a statement about how they feel; objective-observations of the patient; assessment-opinion or evaluation made by the physician; plan-diagnostic, plans to resolve the problems. The integrated medical record (IMR) are reports used in chronological date order. This type of record lets you know how the patient is progressing depending on the test results that were given based on the treatment. Physicians and nurses should be very committed to filling out progress notes. It is required to provide progress notes and to clearly identify the patient’s health care. The advantages of SOR’s are if a physician needs to reference a patient’s last lab reports, he/she can easily find it in its assigned label â€Å"source†. It would be good to label specific sectionalized areas in chronological order. The disadvantages about SOR’s are if records are not placed in its right section, it can be very difficult to put them in its right place which will take some time to do. The advantage of POR’s is very descriptive and is documented in an organized fashion. It may take some time to get use to this type of medical record. There will probably be times where you might have to write the patient’s problem more than once in the preferred section of the medical record. The advantages of IMR’s are simple to use and is less time-consuming to fill out. The disadvantage about this type of report is it can be difficult to retrieve and compare information if you are not consistent with filling out the progress notes.

Guns Of August Essays - The Guns Of August, Barbara W. Tuchman

Guns Of August The Guns of August by Barbara Tuchman Barbara Tuchmans Guns of August is about World War 1. Her book has a unique way of telling this story. Her books gives explanations for each countrys involvement in the war. It describes the opinions of the Czar and reasons for all of his crucial decisions during this time. It also explains how Germany was in a tight spot and prepared for war a few years before it actually began. England was not to worried about the war in Europe because it had its own problems. The English people didnt think it was necessary for them to enter the war. However England got involved to try to protect the weak country of Belgium being attacked by Germany. Germany was in a very difficult position because much of Europe was at odds with it. Germany was prone to attack for two reasons, according to Barbara Tuchman. One reason is that it is geographically in the center of Europe and between its enemies. Another is that it held on to territories that once belonged to France. This put France and Germany at odds. She also explains that Russia was militaristically weak. However, there was a type of myth that Russia was invincible (according to the author). France slightly believed this myth. They formed an alliance with Russia because in part of this myth and also because it was better for two to face off with Germany than France alone. I like this book very much because it goes into great detail. She explains vividly the events occurring that were crucial in deciding the outcome of the war. She also writes in story form just like her other books, and its always easier to read a story that study a text book. My favorite thing about this book was that makes the war seem like a story Ive never read, even though most people know the major events of the war. Her style of writing keeps you guessing whats next. History Essays

Multicom Case Essay Example

Multicom Case Essay Example Multicom Case Essay Multicom Case Essay THE MULTI COM CASE Multicom is a small firm employing 150 people in the public rela-tions field. It was started by Jim Walsh, a marketing specialist, and Wendy Bridges, a public relations expert. They had worked together for several years at a medium-sized communications firm and decided to branch out on their own to realize their own ideas as to what a good PR firm could and should be. They felt that their combined expertise and extensive contacts provided an excellent base on which to do this. Before submitting their resignations at their old firm, they persuaded two colleagues, Marie Beaumont and Frank Rossi, to join them as minor-ity shareholders. Walsh and Bridges each held 40 percent of the equity in the new venture; Beaumont and Rossi were each given 10 percent. Rossi was an editor and writer with an excellent reputation, and Beaumont was a well-regarded film and video expert. At first, business was difficult, and they were glad of the corporate clients that they had taken with them from their old firm. Competition was keen, and their old firm seemed subtly to be doing everything it could to block their progress. However, they worked hard, and their reputation steadily grew along with the size of their staff and their earnings. By the end of their second year, the four partners were each earning almost double their previous salaries and building a significant capital investment as well. They felt that they were well on the way to achieving the kind of top-notch com-pany on which they had set their sights. These early years were exciting ones. When they established Multicom, the four partners adopted a client- centered mode of organization. Each partner had certain clients for whom he or she felt a special responsibility, and in effect each became a project manager for these clients. Each developed a reasonable competence in all aspects of the agencys work so that one could substitute for another when necessary. New staff were encouraged to develop the same all-around skills and capacities in addition to their specializations. While this was often time-consuming and expensive, it created great flexibility. The search for new business and continuing contacts with clients took a significant pro-portion of staff away from the office most of the time, so the existence of a number of good all arounders was a real asset. Besides that, it often made work more interesting and enjoyable and added to the general team spirit of the office. The staff at Multicom worked hard, often starting early in the morn-ing and working late at night. They also played hard, throwing regular par-ties to celebrate the completion of major projects or the acquisition of new clients. These parties helped keep morale high and project Multicoms image as an excellent and exciting place to work. The firms clients often attended these parties and were usually impressed by the vitality and qual-ity of interpersonal relations. During the companys third year, however, things began to change. The long hours and pace of life at Multicom were getting to Walsh and Bridges. Both had heavy family commitments and wanted more leisure time. They increasingly talked about the need to get more organized so that they could exercise a closer control over staff and office activities, which, in their view, at times verged on the chaotic. Beaumont and Rossi, however, both of whom were single and at thirty and thirty-one, respec-tively, almost ten years younger than the senior partners, relished the lifestyle and were keen to maintain the firms present character. They would have been happy to shoulder a greater share of the work and responsibility in return for a greater equity in the company, but Walsh and Bridges were reluctant to hand them this sort of control. As time went on, it became clear that there were important philo-sophical differences about the way the office should be run. Whereas Walsh and Bridges regarded the ad hoc style of organization that had developed during the first two years as temporary-necessary until weve sorted out our ideas as to how we want to put this organization together -Beaumont and Rossi saw it as a desirable way of doing business in the longer term. Whereas Walsh and Bridges complained about the frequent absence of staff from the office and the lack of clear systems of responsibility and office pro-tocol, Beaumont and Rossi relished what they often described as their cre-ative chaos. To them, the firm was producing excellent results, clients were happy and knocking at the door, and this was all that mattered. By the fourth year, tensions were close to the breaking point. The four principals frequently found themselves in long meetings about office organ-ization, and the differences were as deep as ever. Walsh and Bridges argued for more system, and Beaumont and Rossi argued for the status quo. The differences were straining personal relations and were having an unfavor-able impact on life in the office generally. Many staff felt that Multicom was in danger of losing its special character and was no longer quite the same fun place at which to work. All four principals sensed this change, and they talked about it fre-quently. However, there was simply no consensus as to what should be done. As a result of general frustration, they began to break an unwritten but golden rule set in the early days of Multi com: that all four would always be involved in major policy decisions. Walsh and Bridges began to meet together and resolved that the only way forward was for them to exercise their authority and to insist that a reorganization of the office be initiated. They agreed to propose this at a meeting with Beaumont and Rossi the fol-lowing day. Walsh and Bridges were surprised. The idea produced little resistance from their two colleagues. It was almost as if it was expected. Beaumont and Rossi insisted that the decision should not be taken without a lot of thought because it represented a major departure. They reiterated their view that no change in office organization was necessary other than a streamlin-ing of a few financial procedures. They were by no means happy with the proposal, but it was clear that they werent going to fight it. The following week Walsh and Bridges called a meeting of all staff to outline their plans. In operational terms, these involved a clearer definition of job responsibilities, a more formalized procedure governing the exchange of staff between projects, and a closer control over the conditions under which staff were to be away from the office during business hours. A num-ber of other office procedures were also introduced. The meeting was unique in Multicoms history in tone and nature. For weeks there was talk about a rift among the four principals and about how winds of change were blowing through the firm. Some members of the staff welcomed the greater degree of structure; others resented the new developments. Staff continued to work hard at their jobs with the profes-sionalism they knew Multicom demanded, but everyone knew that things were not quiet the same. Multicom was no longer working-or playing- the Multicom way. Walsh and Bridges, however, were well pleased. They felt a lot more secure with the way things stood and could see time ahead when they would be able to take a lot of pressure off themselves and let the office run itself within the framework they had begun to develop. Beaumont and Rossi continued to work hard as usual, and their project teams were least affected by the new developments. Within a year, however, they had left Multicom and set up a new company of their own, taking a number of key staff and clients with them. Thanks to a large number of faithful clients, Multicom continued to produce sound financial results, but it gradually lost its reputation as a leading-edge agency. It could be relied on to produce good solid work but was, in the eyes of a number of disaffected clients, â€Å"uninspiring†. Beaumont and Rossi’s new firm, Media 2000, picked up many of these clients and, adopting the new organizational style pioneered at Multicom, re-created a fun business† employing eighty people The firm quickly established itself aa a talented and innovative agency. Beaumont and Rossi take satisfaction in the firm’s reputation and financial success and look back on their days with Multicom as â€Å"a great learning experience†. In retrospect, they view their differences with Walsh and Bridges as a part of a â€Å"Lucky break† that spurred them to find an even more lucrative and satisfying work situation.

Soviets Side and View of the Cold war Research Paper - 1

Soviets Side and View of the Cold war - Research Paper Example The revolutionary leader Vladimir Lenin asserted that Russia was encompassed by a ‘hostile capitalist encirclement’ (Gaddis 1997). This laid the groundwork for what was to follow, i.e. years of hostility and isolation between differing ideological camps. The culmination of the conflict came after the end of the temporary alliance formed between the USSR and US aiming to topple Germany into defeat. The difference in lifestyles and beliefs was so significant that the two nations were at loggerheads over ideological reasons as soon as their alliance ended (Mcmahon 2003). The arms race that supplemented the cold war resulted in dire consequences for several nations after the dissemination of the USSR. The weapons are still used by terrorist and rebel movements all across the world as both the USA and USSR aim to liquidate their excess artillery in the search of economic returns. Joseph Stalin, the revolutionary communist leader of the USSR, considered the world to be divided into two ideological parts: the capitalist and imperialist regimes and the ‘progressive’ and communist world. The soviet leader believed that the concept of communism was widely acceptable and good for all considering that it followed a utilitarian philosophy of good for the greater number. Non ideological disputes arose between the soviet nation and western democracies post world war II over the soviet occupation of eastern European states. These states were later called soviet republic states and formed the eastern block of nations that would ‘endorse’ soviet communism and adopt the economic methodologies of the soviets. The united states, which had no business in the region according to soviets, warned that an ‘iron curtain’ was being brought down over Europe (Archives 2010). Joseph Stalin later emphasized that the cold war was a consequence of capitalist and

Terrorism and just war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Terrorism and just war - Essay Example Acts of terrorism involves arousing fright amongst the target population so as to push a particular political, social, cultural or a religious motive. The methodology for this involves killing random people. In the modern history, the usage war over terrorism has become a commonly used geo political jargon. The popularity and acceptance of this term within itself suggests the global feelings against terrorism. The random victims of terrorism are often referred to as innocent people who are disassociated with the cause of terrorism. The just war theory suggests the idea of innocence of the victims as a decisive factor in justifying a war. This innocence of the victims is the elements which make an act of terrorism unjust over a war wherein only soldiers involved are targeted. The larger philosophy of this innocence has to be however further analyzed. The thesis of this paper is that the concept of innocence of the victims of terrorism does not make terrorism theoretically unjustified as compared to that of war. It must be noted here that the paper does not intend to justify terrorism as a theoretically acceptable norm. â€Å"Just war theory provides normative content for ethical arguments about the resort to and conduct of war on the assumption, distinct from realism, that morality has a place in international politics—although like realism, it assumes that war is an enduring feature of world politics† (Crawford, 2000). It has been observed by several philosophers that the idea of innocence of victims as proposed by the Just war theory is often misunderstood (Walzer, 2006). Interestingly, the very word innocence provokes sympathy among the observers of war. For instance, the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Centre killing ‘innocent’ people was taken up quite sentimentally by the rest of the world. However, it must be understood that the meaning of the term ‘innocent’ proposed by the just war theory is quite differen t from that of the common perception of the sympathizers. It more or less means disassociated in the theoretical context. In other words, the word innocent in the war context refers to people who are not officially appointed by the system in war to engage in the war. In the context of a war between two countries, the people who are engaged are the soldiers who designated for the war by both the countries. All the other civilian people of both the countries enjoy the immunity of ‘innocence ’(Walzer, 2006). Theoretically just war is conceptually where only these soldiers are targeted and not other civilians. On the other hand, an act of killing people who are not directly involved in the cause is considered to be unjust and is termed terrorism (Walzer, 2006). Thus it is the nature of the victims that draws the line between a just war and an act of terrorism. In broader sense the nature of the victims is decided by their innocence as perceived by the just war theory(Walzer , 2006). However, the reality is that there are conceptual errors in the ways in which the whole theoretical concept of innocence is perceived by the critics. For instance, in the case of a war between two countries there are many soldiers who get killed who necessarily were physically engaged in the battle. There will be a wide range of services associated with a soldiers’ team who are victimized to death while supporting the team in the war front. However, these people do not

Analysis Essay for A Clean, Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway

Analysis for A Clean, Well-Lighted Place by Ernest Hemingway - Essay Example The young waiter represents a person at youth. He is the embodiment of the young person who has the promise of his entire life before him. He demonstrates the impatience of youth with the slowness and infirmities of age. His attitude is seen in his emphatic declaration, â€Å"I have confidence. I am all confidence† (Hemingway, ). He cannot conceive of any shortcoming or sorrow in life except the lack of money. He has no sympathy with the deaf old man’s despair, and ruthlessly tells him, â€Å"You should have killed yourself last week† (Hemingway, ). In the flush of youth and vigor, he is repulsed by the ravages of age: â€Å"An old man is a nasty thing† he says (Hemingway, ). His character is the depiction of youth in all its materialism and callowness. The senior waiter represents the maturity of middle age. As he progresses in age, he is acutely conscious that he is on the way to becoming an old man, like the deaf customer. He exhibits a deep empathy for the old man and says, â€Å"I am of those who like to stay late at the cafà ©, with all those who do not want to go to bed. With all those who need a light for the night† (Hemingway, ). He shares the loneliness of the old man and sympathizes with his despair. He refutes the young waiter’s criticism by asserting that the old man is clean. At the same time, he understands the impatience of the young waiter to get home to his wife. The old customer is poised on the threshold of death. Loneliness, despair, and conflict of the soul torment him. He craves the small comfort of a well-lighted and clean cafà © for a temporary period of security. He represents old age and the coming encounter with death. He is the personification of the transience of human life: â€Å"It was all nothing and a man was nothing too† (Hemingway, ), the senior waiter says. The old man is a symbol of

Legal System of Ireland

Legal System of Ireland According to Business Dictionary (2017), the legal system refers to a regime in the legal framework of a country. It consists of following five entities: An oral or/and written constitution. Primary legislation endorsed by lawmaking body which is established by the Constitution. Supplementary legislation prepared by organization or person who is authorized by primary legislation. Applications of customs by courts on the groundwork of traditional practices. Principles and application of Roman, common, civil or any other code of law. Dainow (1966) explains that every legal system, in its respective society, has the similar function, as any other legal system, of balancing and regulating its human movement and it is the same system which not only forms the cultural norms, civilization and history but also the life of people living in it. Nevertheless, there are many distinctions and similarities between different legal systems of territories and countries because of various events of various kinds in history (ibid). Generally, there are two main legal systems establishments in the world, which are basically often a central part of comparative law studies. These two systems are known as civil and common law legal systems. The practice of common law appeared and was acted upon from the middle era age and was subsequently spread and validated across British colonies all over the world (University of California n.d.). The civil law was developed in the main continent of Europe, during the same era of common law development as well, by European monarchs such as Spain and Portugal and was spread out to their colonies. Later on, during the 1800s and 1900s, countries with unique legal customs also embraced civil law as well in order to get economical and political power and be competitive to Western European nations and examples of such countries are Japan and Russia (ibid). This piece of writing will be discussing the legal system of Ireland and Spain. Furthermore, three aspects of law and their implication for international hospitality and tourism will be thoroughly explored and discussed. The Irish legal system belongs to, a family of legal systems, common law. Common law legal system gives significant importance to decisions made by courts on previous legal cases and decisions (Byrne McCutcheon 2001). This results in lawyers working in the jurisdiction of common law to have an extensive knowledge and work closely with case-law. Additionally, Irish courts are obliged to abide by the principal of stare-decisis, which means the previous court decisions (The bar of Ireland n.d.). As per (Nicell), there are four sources, in Ireland, which influence Irish Law: Constitution: The Constitution of Ireland was endorsed in the year 1937 which is actually an essential legal document, through a string of 50 articles, outlining how the country should be administered. In Ireland, the Constitution is titled as Bunreacht na hEireann (Citizen Information 2015). It is the Constitution, which sets out the branches of the government in Ireland and also narrates the basic rights of citizens of the country. Bunreacht na hEireann not only establishes the courts but also makes sure how these establishments should operate. An important article of Irish Constitution affirms that national parliament, Oireachtas, will not be able to endorse any law which is abhorrent to Constitution and that such law will be invalid. However, according to article 46, if the change or amendment in Constitution is necessary, the proposal for modification should be commenced by Irish National Assembly, Dà ¡il Éireann (The All-Party Oireachtas Committee On The Constitution 2005). Then, if the bill is passed by the Oireachtas, Constitution bestows the general public a veto through a referendum to approve or disapprove by majority to change the Constitution. The Irish President, if approved by majority of people, then signs the bill and it becomes the part of Constitution (ibid). Legislation: As per Byrne McCutcheon (2009), the wellspring of law known as Legislation comprises of measures which are sanctioned by an authoritative organ in a way which is endorsed by a Constitutional equation To be asked to summarize or to be discussed with teacher References Byrne, R. McCutcheon, J.P., 2009. The Irish Legal System 5th ed., Dublin: Bloomsbury Professional (Ireland). Byrne, R. McCutcheon, J.P., 2001. The Irish legal system 4th ed., Dublin: Butterworths (Ireland). Citizen Information, 2015. Constitution. www.citizensinformation.ie. Available at: http://www.citizensinformation.ie/en/government_in_ireland/irish_constitution_1/constitution_introduction.html [Accessed March 19, 2017]. Dainow, J., 1966. The Civil Law and Common Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¯: Some Points of Comparison. The American Journal of Comparative Law, 15(3), p.419. University of California, n.d. The Common Law and Civil Law Traditions. www.law.berkeley.edu. Available at: https://www.law.berkeley.edu/library/robbins/CommonLawCivilLawTraditions.html [Accessed March 16, 2017]. The All-Party Oireachtas Committee On The Constitution, 2005. Amending The Constitution. Available at: http://archive.constitution.ie/amending-the-constitution/default.asp?UserLang=EN [Accessed March 20, 2017]. The bar of Ireland, n.d. The Courts System. www.lawlibrary.ie. Available at: https://www.lawlibrary.ie/Legal-Services/The-Courts-System.aspx [Accessed March 16, 2017].

Family and Medical Leave Act Essay -- essays research papers

Family and Medical Leave Act   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On August 5, 1993, the Family and Medical Leave Act became effective for most of the employers and employees covered by the act. The FMLA is designed to help employees balance their work and family responsibilities by allowing them to take reasonable unpaid leave for certain family and medical reasons, including serious health conditions that prevent the employee from working. Not only has the FMLA evolved over the years, but also the current application in the workplace environment is very complex for the employee as well as the employer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Over the years, FMLA has evolved into a one of the most discussed and complex laws in the United States. Since 1993, over 35 million eligible workers have taken leave for family or medical reasons. For all the employers covered by the act, 80 percent reported that it had a positive effect or noticeable effect on business productivity, profitability and growth. (www.familyleavesurvey.com) As the FMLA has evolved, it has had positive effects on both employees and employers. However, even though it is very effective, it is also a very complex law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  FMLA covers private sector employers that employ 50 or more individuals. Public employers are covered under FMLA no matter how many workers they employ. The FMLA requires covered employers to provide up to 12 weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave to eligible employees for childbirth or care of a child, adoption, their own serious illness or that of a...

History of NFL Essay

Jim Thorpe who was a player and a coach for the football team Canton Bulldogs, together with Leo Lyons who owns a football team called Rochester Jeffersons, were the mastermind behind the National Football League (Schweizer and McGovern, 2001, p. 60). The two teams these two guys were a member of were brainstorming one day. It was when the Bulldogs triumphed over the Jeffersons in a match in 1917 when Lyons brought up the idea of forming a league to Thorpe. During this time, Major League Baseball was very popular (Schweizer and McGovern, 2001, p. 60). Thorpe entertained the idea and liked it very much, and decided to pursue the goal immediately. However, Spanish flu became rampant during that time. A lot of football players died in the Great War. There was chaos everywhere, and forming a league was almost impossible. In fact, because of the social unrest, operations had to be suspended (Schweizer and McGovern, 2001, p. 60). The operations of the Bulldogs had to be on a halt. It had to end real soon. Schedules of games were no longer followed because it was deemed necessary to reduce the schedules only to the local groups. It was in 1917 when Lyons came up with the idea of forming a league. It was in 1918 when all the disorder became more noticeable (Schweizer and McGovern, 2001, p. 61). After one year, Lyons could still not get over the unpursued plans, so he went back to New York to encourage teams in Buffalo to a championship match. The Buffalo Prospects were not to back out from this challenge. They gladly accepted the offer and played the game against the Jeffersons for the championship. In this round, the Jeffersons lost to the Buffalo Prospects (Yost, 2006, p. 52). The Bulldogs, by this time, already belonged to Ohio League, which was then an unofficial league. The teams who were part of this league included Ironton Tanks, Shelby Blues, Massillon Tigers and the Bulldogs. Ralph Hay, who was managing the Bulldogs, plus the other Ohio teams, were all convinced by Thorpe to play following the format of a league. Everyone agreed to do this, so a brainstorming session was expected. Everyone contributed to the success of the goals. It was done against Hammond Pros of Chicago, Michigan, and the Detroit Heralds (Yost, 2006, p. 52). During this time, other teams were also holding a game. There were games all over the United States – New York City, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois. However, while New York City and Pennsylvania had teams, they were not a contributor to the founding of the National Football League as the blue laws of the latter kept the teams from joining the NFL. It was not until 1924 when the teams were finally liberated from the laws (Yost, 2006, p. 52). The New League The formalization of the league did not come immediately. Football enthusiasts had to wait. Formalization only took place at a Hupmobile dealership help in August 1920 in Ohio. It was first known as the APFC, or the American Professional Football Conference. What this league was composed of were Ohio League teams. However, not all teams that were part of the Ohio League joined. In fact, a lot of them decided not to participate (National Football League, 2009). After a month, the American Professional Football Conference was changed to the American Professional Football Association. Since a lot of teams played from the neighboring areas, more teams joined the league. Soon other teams joined the league, and among the teams include Detroit, Hammond, and two from the New York league namely Rochester and Buffalo. Finally, there were eleven teams that founded the league (National Football League, 2009). All teams became subject to an agreement over the declared champion at the end of the season, and player poaching. At this time, Thorpe was still a member of the Bulldogs and remained a player for the said team. He was in fact the president of the team. Out of all the teams that founded the team, only four of them finished the schedule in the year 1920. The first champions went undefeated for years, and that team was the Akron Pros. Akon Pros was the first champion of the league (National Football League, 2009). More teams became interested in the league. Most of the teams that were added to the list came from the teams in New York. The total number of teams reached 22 in as early as 1921, although this is not to say that membership was already going smooth and stable in the whole decade of the 1920s (National Football League, 2009). In fact, the league was still not considered a national game no matter how many teams have been interested in it, and no matter how many people were actually willing to support the and enjoy the league. It frustrated many people. The league decided to change its name again. It finally became the NFL, or the National Football League, on June 24, 1922 (National Football League, 2009). The Birth of the â€Å"NFL† At this point in time, two charter members were existing. They were the Chicago Bears, which was formerly known as Decatur Staleys, and the Arizona Cardinals, which used to carry the name Chicago Cardinals. A team which was lightly a part of the National Football League history was there all along, but was not given much significance since it did not join league plays. It was the Green Bay Packers, which was popular for not having changed locations. It was only in 1921 when the said team started playing in the league (National Football League, 2009). The Indianapolis Colts had a rich history, which can be seen through its multiple predecessors. The team is regarded as a separate franchise. It was founded later, only in 1953, and was named the Baltimore Colts. Other teams started to bid their goodbyes, including Detroit, Chicago, Cleveland and Buffalo among other original NFL teams. However, this did not stop the National Football League to develop. There were many replacement franchises to make up for the absence of the teams that no longer existed. New franchises were established (National Football League, 2009). Post-World War College football catered to many fans. It was actually a very big game that millions of people looked forward to. However, after the Second World War, people started to get bored with college football as their attention was diverted to a more challenging game: the professional football game (National Football League, 2009). Because professional football rivaled the football game college students were playing, rules started to be modified. Newer innovations were being released from time to time. It was during this time, too, when the T-formation was started. Football then was no longer just a game for recreation. It became a game that demanded for higher scores (National Football League , 2009). After many years, the National Footbal League was joined by three teams in 1950. teams came from the All-America Football Conference which was no longer functioning at that time. It expanded to 13 clubs. Because of this fast expansion and rising popularity of the sport, professional football has etched its space in the world as a major sport.

Features of Private Payer Consumer Driven Health Plans Essays

Features of Private Payer Consumer Driven Health Plans Essays Features of Private Payer Consumer Driven Health Plans Essay Features of Private Payer Consumer Driven Health Plans Essay Individual Features of Private Payer and Consumer-Driven Health Plans Individual Features of Private Payer and Consumer-Driven Health Plans Looking for medical health plans can be demanding on time, but it is worth the time to look over all the options offered. There are many features to go through from Private Payer Plans, such as Preferred Provider Organizations (PPOs), Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs), Group HMOs, Independent Practice Association (IPA), Point of Service (POS), Indemnity Plans, and Consumer-Driven Health Plans (CDHP) such as, Health Reimbursement Plans, and Flexible Savings Accounts, (Bayes, 2008). Bayes (2008) stated â€Å"PPOs are used by hospitals, physicians, clinics, and pharmacies that help provide care for their insured consumers. † The plan covers â€Å"discounts for fee-for services to the physicians to help with their fee schedules. † Patients or consumers are responsible for â€Å"annual premiums, deductibles† that generate from â€Å"low with high premiums or high with low premiums,† copayments, coinsurance which is a charge for in-net-work providers, services used for out-of-network will cause a higher deductable (p. 292, 293). Bayes (2008) stated that â€Å"HMOs are all licensed by the state†. Plan is strict on guidelines, has few choices of providers. The participating providers are salaried based. Coverage for consumers are given an â€Å"assigned Primary Care Physician (PCP)†, must use network providers to be covered, unless emergencies. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan, (2011) states their â€Å"plan includes monthly rates, copayments, deductible, annual maximums, prescriptions, dental, and must be in network PCP† (Para. 4). Bayes (2008) stated that HMO programs included in plan are â€Å"complete preventative or screening, wellness and health promotion, disease management, and chronic care† (p. 293). : Bayes (2008) stated that â€Å"Group HMOs are contracts with more than one physician group† mainly these are facilities owned by HMO and they can treat nonmembers. HMOs are run under a contract that uses â€Å"paid per member per month (PMPM)† with agreements that capitates the rate, or sub-capitates â€Å"episodes of care (EOC) option† (p. 294, 295). Independent Practice Association (IPA) that is separately owned and formed by physicians. It is a form of an HMO the association provides care by contracting together. IPA receives negotiated fees from the HMO for medical services. IPA capitates a rate to pay its physicians, or they may se a fee for payments. Bayes (2008) stated that â€Å"Point-of-Service (POS) Plan is like a hybrid of HMO and PPO networks. † Offers two networks a primary and a secondary, which the members can choose from. Just like a HMO is considered primary and offers specialty care for non-network physicians. Just like a PPO the secondar y network has annual premiums, copayments, possible tiered plan payments. Indemnity Plans are non-PPO, and non-HMO. This plan has high deductibles, premiums, coinsurance payments that are required. This plans payment method is a fee-for-service for its participation providers. These plans generally have high deductibles, but many offer managed care features; to try to cut costs they use contracts for employers (Bayes, 2008). The CDHPs have two components combined, a funding option and the high-deductable health plan. The plan has one or more tax savings accounts, after deductable is met then there is a discounted fee-for-service, patient pays up to deductable, â€Å"savings account pays for out-of-pocket or non-covered expenses† stated by Bayes (2008). CDHPs offer funding options of, flexible savings accounts, Health reimbursement accounts, and Health savings accounts (p. 296). Health Reimbursement Arrangements (HRAs) is employer paid, but other health plans can be offered with it. The U. S. Department of Treasury (2011) stated â€Å"plans cannot be used for deferrals under a cafeteria plan. † Employee receives payment from employer after expenses incurred after date of enrollment. Employer â€Å"sets the limits for rollovers, tax-deductable deposits, under employers rules portability is allowed, tax-free with drawls for qualified expenses. † Flexible Savings Plans are plans that the employees pay premiums and funds get set aside for other medical expenses that generally are not covered by the health plan. This plan allows for dependent care to be covered, employees and employer make contributions to the plan, but unused funds go back to the employer, there is no portability, tax-free with drawls for qualified expenses, and deposits are all tax-advantaged (Bayes, 2008). There are many more options that are not listed, for more information on individual features of Private Payers and Consumer-Driven Health Plans there are many local insurance companies’ websites that offer this information, such as Blue Cross Blue Shield, Aetna, Prudential, Cigna, AARP and many others. When looking for health insurance it is important to know all the benefits of the plan before choosing one. References Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan,  (2011)  Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan  retrieved from bcbsm. com/myblue/hmo-smart-select. shtml U. S. Department of The Treasury. (2011). U. S. Department of The Treasury. Retrieved from irs. gov/pub/irs-pdf/p969. pdf Valerius, J. Bayes, N. Newby, C. , Seggern, J (2008) Medical insurance: An integrated claims process approach (3rd ed. ). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill.

Alliances and WWII essays

Alliances and WWII essays U.S. foreign policy before the relative turn of the 20th century was rather non-existent. The desire of the new country was to develop individually and become strong. They saw other nations as a threat considering the British and French colonization and the fight for independence. The Monroe Doctrine was enacted to stave off the rest of the world, specifying that they had no business in the Western Hemisphere. During the Civil War, the South wanted assistance by Britain and France. The North saw this to be ignorant and a major threat, if granted, considering the past (McDougall, 97.) Even through the beginning of the 20th century, the U.S. remained isolated as much as international conflict would permit. With the growing struggles for power and the U.S.s general amiability for democracy and tyrannical suppression, they began to ally. After World War II they developed international organizations such as the United Nations, NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization,) and SEATO ( Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.) Current politics affect the U.S.s less than steady amount of involvement in these organizations. The U.S. generally enters alliances to balance others gaining too much power. It sees its current unipolar status is a fine thing that it is intent on retaining, though methods in so doing vary. Alliances with other countries were avoided in the first part of the century but later became necessary. The U.S. preferred to remain unilateral to avoid entangling themselves with other countries. Wilson remained out of the World War I conflict until it directly affected the U.S. He claimed it was an old world quarrel. Intervention came only when Germany began sinking U.S. ships. After World War I, the U.S. wanted to keep peace and punish Germany, but didnt expect unrealistic reparations. Wilson thought the Treaty of Versailles was unrealistic. According to Walter A. McDougall, in Promised...

HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HISTORY - Essay Example As Lynch points out, one of the letters written to New Orleans’ Daily Delta from the freedom movement fighters states that the colored population loves their home, their property, and their own laves and are ready to shed their blood for defending their rights. The activists became skeptical of the government’s policies and strategies also. The government had not paid any attention to the inexorable violence towards the black activist; and on the other hand, there was lack of federal intervention. These issues caused them turn to armed self-defense, and in many cases they ended up in bloodshed. All blacks got involved in the movement and they called for a black solidarity and nationalism. In the same way, blacks in the northern communities started to draw attention against the uncontrolled racism prevailing in the state. The devastating issues such as the residential segregation, harassments from the police and officials, and the lack of employment opportunities were ac ting as force for the black freedom movements in the 18th century. Furthermore, the self-help institutions organized the blacks and played an important role in shaping the lives of the free black people. As Nuruddin (Ed. Ezra, 2) points out, the emergence of the benevolence associations, mutual aid societies, independent African American denominational churches, and semi-independent free schools contributed to the freedom movement. The later revolutions in the black freedom took place after the period of Revolutionary war when the blacks were literate. Famous historic personalities like Richard Allen and Prince Hall founded several institutions such as the African Masonic lodges, Church institutes and Free African Society by the end of 18th  century. These institutions were later developed into independent and separate institutions that facilitated shaping the lives of the free

Human resource Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Human resource - Essay Example One such factor is the excellent performance and reward management of the company. The founders of the company abided by all the principles and produced products accordingly. The performance of the company and its progress within a short period of time has made it a nationalised company holding the majority portion of the market share. Current Performance and Reward Management practises at Innocent Performance management is an important cornerstone in the Human Resource practises of an organization (Smither and London, 2009). It is all about measuring the performances of the employees doing their jobs and designing and implementing systems in order to strengthen the performance standards which have been set. It starts with measuring the daily operational performances of the employees. An organization should have a clear understanding about the kind of job for which they are hiring the employees. Based on that the training should be provided and finally the performances of the employe es should be measured. Performance management involves partnership agreement with the employees or the team of employees in order to increase their level of involvement in the organization (Cardy and Leonard, 2011). Moreover the future improvement in the performance of an organization needs the assessment of the past and the present performance. Every section of activities like providing feedback, coordinating with the employees to solve the problems related to their decreased performance, developing improved performance level etc play an important role in performance management. The method of evaluating the performance of a particular employee is known as the performance appraisal. It is a part of the career development and involves review of the performances of the employees

Microeconomics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Microeconomics - Coursework Example It has brought drastic change not only in the mode of business activities, but also communication. It has changed every aspect of human life from studying, working to shopping and socializing. Therefore Internet services have proliferated in every part of this world and its demand is growing every day. Internet services supply in rural areas In this era of the Internet, it has become obvious that sound knowledge of Internet services can lead to success in business, education, research and other avenues. Therefore the demand of the Internet has become high even in rural areas and in every domestic household. The availability of Broadband (high-speed) services has brought revolutionary changes in the demand of Internet services. It is important that the supply of Internet remains equal in all areas. Prieger (2003) has surveyed and concluded that the supply of broadband services is not equal in all areas and there is low availability of the services in rural areas inhabited by poor and minority communities. The other result of this survey is that low supply of Internet in rural areas is due to the low demand in these areas because of market size and low knowledge of computers. A study has construed that broadband services will be unavailable in almost 12 percent of U.S. households because of lack of demand whose one contributory factor is the cost of Internet services (Prieger, 2003, p.347). ... The key factor here is the cost of providing Internet broadband services. In urban areas, due to improved infrastructure and more usage of phone services than rural areas, the supply cost of broadband is low. This makes it convenient for service providers to supply Internet services in rural areas; hence household income is not the considerable factor here (Prieger, 2003, p.359). Moreover, in a developed country like UK, the rural population being considerably lower than urban population, the former does not guarantee high return on investments that need to be made on creating a next-generation broadband. Therefore, it is estimated that almost 33 percent of UK homes will not be supplied with fast broadband services from big internet providers without financial backing from the government. As recently in 2011, there has been an allocation of ? 363 m to develop the broadband services in rural areas of England and Scotland. This is however not considered as sufficient amount to bridge t he supply gap between domestic broadband users and non-users. For instance, Berkshire which has been allocated ? 1.4 m is not likely to receive supply of fast broadband services because it consists of only 8 percent domestic users (Rural Broadband funding ready for England and Scotland, 2011). Household demand of Internet broadband service In America, as part of FCC (Federal Communications Commission), Rosston et al. (2010) have conducted a survey in 2009-2010 to determine the level of household consumer demand of different aspects of the Internet broadband service. A major consideration during this survey was consumers’ eagerness to pay for improved services of eight features of Internet service.

The Theory of special relativity Essay Example for Free

The Theory of special relativity Essay Abstract: Prior to albert Einstein’s theory of special relativity there was always an idea about relativity. Through Galilean transformations, which worked perfectly with the newton’s laws of motion, people had formed a vague idea that all motion in this world is relative to something else. There came up the mysterious thing called aether — the medium through which light propagated. The belief in aether had caused a mess of things, in Einstein’s view, by introducing a medium that caused certain laws of physics to work differently depending on how the observer moved relative to the aether. In 1905, Albert Einstein published the theory of special relativity, which explains how to interpret motion between different inertial frames of reference — that is, places that are moving at constant speeds relative to each other. Einstein explained that when two objects are moving at a constant speed as the relative motion between the two objects, instead of appealing to the aether as an absolute frame of reference that defined what was going on. If you and your friend, say AA, are moving in different spaceships and want to compare your observations, all that matters is how fast you and AA are moving with respect to each other. Special relativity includes only the special case (hence the name) where the motion is uniform. The motion it explains is only if you’re traveling in a straight line at a constant speed. As soon as you accelerate or curve — or do anything that changes the nature of the motion in any way — special relativity ceases to apply. That’s where Einstein’s general theory of relativity comes in, because it can explain the general case of any sort of motion. Einstein’s theory was based on two key principles: * The principle of relativity: All objects move in a motion relative to one another. No motion except the speed of light is fixed. And the laws of physics don’t change, even for objects moving in inertial (constant speed) frames of reference. * The principle of the speed of light: The speed of light is the same for all observers, regardless of their motion relative to the light source. (Physicists write this speed using the symbol c.) Explaining theory of relativity and related concepts Classical Relativity (mechanics theory) Experiment: (Self thought and practically conducted) An everyday life situation when you are moving in a straight escalator. Standing on next to an escalator, I measured the speed of my mother, who was standing still on the straight escalator, using a Doppler’s radar. Speed measured by the radar= 3 km/h Then standing on the same escalator I measured the speed of my mother a few meters from me. Speed Measured by the radar= 0 km/h Explanation: Classical relativity states that all motion in this universe is relative to one another. Nothing is fixed. As measured by the radar the escalator and hence my stationary mother on it was moving at a speed of 3km/h. But when I measured the speed with myself on the escalator, the radar measured 0 km/h. This is because although my mother was still moving with the escalator’s speed her state of motion with respect to mine was stationary. Maxwell’s theory and the abolishment of aether theory Maxwell was a scientist who gave various laws with respect to electromagnetic radiation. He, through his equations, proposed that like all other EMRs even the speed of light could be calculated. James Clark Maxwell (1884) devised his famous equation, showing that the four basic equations of electromagnetism (one of which Maxwell invented so his equation would work, but it turned out to be correct), can be combined into a single wave equation. The speed of the wave is determined solely by a term involving known constants that appear in the original formulas. Thus, Maxwell showed that the speed of light was a constant and that its speed could be measured using electromagnetic experiments that were already in place to determine those constants. Nobody really believed that the speed was actually constant; they assumed that it was constant in some preferred reference frame, called the ether. But Michelson, together with Morley, attempting to measure the speed of the earth through the ether by measuring the speed of light in many different directions at once, found that the speed was constant in all directions. Nobody knew what to make of that in 1887. Then Lorentz gave his 3 sets of explanations to prove Maxwell’s observations. But all these three explanations were proved wrong by Einstein as he gave the theory of relativity. He believed light to be a constant at all times and abolished the idea of aether. His explanations involved the principles of Spacetime where he unified space and time to create a four-dimensional view of the universe with three dimensions of space and one dimension of time. Spacetime Einstein’s theory of special relativity created a fundamental link between space and time. The universe can be viewed as having three space dimensions — up/down, left/right, forward/backward — and one time dimension. This 4-dimensional space is referred to as the space-time continuum. If you move fast enough through space, the observations that you make about space and time differ somewhat from the observations of other people, who are moving at different speeds. According to Einstein, Space and time were a single unit and not absolute but relative. The movement in space affected the movement in time. The faster one moved through space the slower one goes through time. Thought experiment: (self-thought and data input based on other examples to explain concepts): Imagine a car moving at say a 100/s along the east direction and at zero speed toward the north direction. Then in one second it moves 100m towards east with no progress towards the north. Now say it moves north-east at the same speed. Because its speed is now diverted in two directions, it only moves 50 towards east and 50 m north. Same applies for space and time i.e. the faster you move through space the slower you pass through time. If you move at the speed of light then you make no progress in time and if you move at a speed that is greater than the speed of light, you can go back in time! Therefore, Einstein in order to measure distance between two objects chose to use a single entity called spacetime. Different observers would see different events in space in different ways. Some would see 2 events occurring at the same point in time but far apart in space, whereas other would see the same two events occur in very close to each other in space but far apart in time. Maxwell, using his 4 equations of electromagnetism proved that the speed of light was a constant. But his idea was rejected and everybody thought the speed of light was relative to a constant frame called aether. Also a concept called ether drift developed whereby light through all other media except aether would undergo a drift called ether drift opposing its speed. This was dependent on the velocity of the object. The more the velocity of the media, the less was supposed to be the speed of light through the media. Using this when Michelson, together with Morley, attempted to measure the speed of the earth through the ether by measuring the speed of light in many different directions at once, they found that the speed was constant in all directions and equal to the constant calculated by Maxwell. Now a question arose: how was this possible? The explanation to this was given by Einstein who abolished aether and said that the speed of light was a constant and through his theory of relativity demonstrated that how this was possible. To understand the fact that speed of light is a constant, we need to change our perspectives on distance and time from them being a relative quantity from a fixed quantity. This introduces to us two new concepts of time dilation and length contraction. Both time dilation and length contraction are immediate consequences of the Lorentz transformation Time Dilation Thought experiment: (taken from YouTube video on relativity) Consider this thought experiment. You and AA are in 2 different spaceships in space. Both of you are measuring trying to measure the speed of light. Your spaceship is stationary while your friend’s spaceship is moving at a constant speed, say 0.5c. To calculate time (which can be calculated by using any device that measures a certain event periodically) both of you are using 2 plates reflecting light against each other. (Look at the diagram below) Now in the (1) clock is the clock in the stationary clock i.e. the one on the stationary spaceship whereas the (2) clock is on the moving spaceship. Both clocks are identical. It is known that the speed of light is the same at all times. Therefore here in the stationary clock light moves up and down in a perpendicular distance the shortest distance. If the clock moves by 5 min every time the light touches the bottom plate then the clock would run at a certain speed and change appropriately. Now in case of the moving clock the light beam is travelling diagonally as the plates are constantly moving along with the spaceship in which they are present. Therefore the light takes a longer time to hit the bottom plate (as the speed of light is constant and light has to travel a longer path). Therefore the (2) clock runs slower than the (1) clock despite them being exactly identical. This phenomenon is known as time dilation, where the time on a ship moving very quickly appears to pass slower than on Earth. Length contraction The theory of special relativity revolutionized not just our understanding of time but our understanding of space too. I have already described the phenomenon of time dilation, whereby pairs of clocks in uniform relative motion each tick more slowly with respect to the other. A closely related effect is the phenomenon of length contraction (sometimes known as â€Å"Lorentz contraction†, â€Å"FitzGerald contraction† or even â€Å"Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction† after the physicists who predicted it on the basis of a crude forerunner of special relativity). Thought Experiment: (Taken from You tube Video But self-data input) Now in the spaceships example I have been using it can be said that if the two spaceships when at the same point i.e. when one is directly below the other and they release a beam of light and measure the speed of light after 12 seconds on the clock on the stationary ship which would be around 9 seconds on the clock aboard the moving ship if we calculate it using Lorentz’s transformations. Since the stationary ship is at rest in the space dimension therefore the rulers or any distance measuring instrument used would show that light travelled 12 light-second (the distance light travels in one second). The actual speed of light is 1light-second per second. Since the total time measured was 12 seconds. Therefore the speed would that would be calculated is 12 light second per second which is nothing but one light second per second. Since the second spaceship was moving at a speed half the speed of light it should calculate the distance of the light beam from the ship after 12 seconds on the clock aboard the stationary ship to be 6 light-second. But the actual distance measured by the rulers or any other measuring instrument onboard the moving ship will be 9 light-second. This is because of a phenomenon called length contraction. When an object moves at a very high speed i.e. a speed which is equal to or greater than 30% of c, then this length contraction can be seen up to some extent. Since the second spaceship was moving at 0.5*c, therefore the ship and all rulers or the measuring instruments used shrunk and the light beam was measured to be a distance of 9 light-second in 9 seconds, which is nothing but 1light-second per second. Conclusion As strange as it seems, this example (and many others) demonstrates that in Einstein’s theory of relativity, space and time are intimately linked together. If you apply Lorentz transformation equations, they work out so that the speed of light is perfectly consistent for both observers, i.e. one in motion at a constant speed and other stationary or at rest. This strange behavior of space and time is only evident when you’re traveling close to the speed of light, so no one had ever observed it before. Experiments carried out since Einstein’s discovery have confirmed that it’s true — time and space are perceived differently, in precisely the way Einstein described, for objects moving near the speed of light. The Consequence of Theory of Relativity: Unifying mass and energy (E=mc2) The most famous work of Einstein’s life also dates from 1905, when he applied the ideas of his relativity paper to come up with the equation E=mc2 that represents the relationship between mass (m) and energy (E). Einstein found that as an object approached the speed of light, c, the mass of the object increased. The object goes faster, but it also gets heavier. If it were actually able to move at c, the object’s mass and energy would both be infinite. A heavier object is harder to speed up, so it’s impossible to ever actually get the particle up to a speed of c. for example consider a proton accelerating towards the speed of light. As is moves closer to the speed of light its mass increases thus acting as a hindrance to the movement of the object. Until Einstein, the concepts of mass and energy were viewed as completely separate. He proved that the principles of conservation of mass and conservation of energy are part of the same larger, unified principle, and conservation of mass-energy. Matter can be turned into energy and energy can be turned into matter because a fundamental connection exists between the two types of substance. Thus if an object moves at a speed of light then it would have an infinite mass, negligible length and would make no progress in time.

Domestic Violence and Health Promotion for Mildura

Domestic Violence and Health Promotion for Mildura In Australia, every 1 in 4 persons are affected by domestic violence, with Mildura ranking the second highest place for family violence in Victoria (Domestic violence resource centre Victoria, 2016). Domestic violence is a pattern of abusive behaviour through which a person seeks to control and dominate another person, in which they may have relations with. It is not only physical, but can take on many other forms including sexual, emotional, social, spiritual and economic abuse that can be equally harmful. Violence against women is far greater with 17 per cent of all women and 5 per cent of men experiencing violence by a partner since the age of 15 (Phillips, 2017). 85-90% of incidents of domestic violence occur with children present, and impacts over one million Australian children a year (Sutherland, 2015). Victims suffer long term physical and psychological harm that can lead to negative behaviours such as drug and alcohol use, inherited grief and trauma, poverty and loss of traditional male and female role models within the community. Research has shown that the biggest contributor to domestic violence in regional Australia is the negative attitudes of men towards women, within a community that values traditional patriarchal gender roles, combined with increase alcohol consumption and the vulnerability of women and children (Sutherland, 2015). This essay will explore potential and past health promotion strategies for domestic violence that would be beneficial to implement within Mildura, how they align with the Ottawa charter, health promotion values and principles, and the contribution of occupational therapists. Health promotion strategies Mandatory school-based health programs School-based programs provide the strongest evidence of effectiveness in relation to violence prevention programs (Flood, Fergus, Heenan, 2009).ÂÂ   As a primary prevention plan, mandatory school based programs that take on a holistic approach through educating and advocating against domestic violence within both school and communities has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing family violence. Student-oriented activities including creation of DVDs, rap songs and other forms of media that raise awareness of domestic violence can be presented at different community events. Students are not only educated about negative effects of domestic violence, but they are influenced to feel responsible to advocate against it through community displays of their school work. The Victorian Health Promotion Foundation identified two programs in particular that were successful in influencing and empowering students to reshape their attitudes about this issue (Flood et al., 2009).ÂÂ   Positi ve Relationships and successful lives ran by Mallee sexual assault unit, was conducted within a mainstream secondary college, a specialist school for students who have an intellectual disability, and a local Indigenous KODE school. Students participated in a range of media based activities, in which they presented at community forums. Flood, Fergus and Heenan (2009) depicted that this program was successful due to: allowing students and the community to work together to advocate against domestic violence, the inclusion of indigenous and specialist schools, and being student-driven content that could be used in other prevention programs across the states. In addition, solving the Jigsaw, a program ran within schools of Loddon Mallee region educated children to understand the role of power and control over others to the culture of violence. They were to identify types of power, abuse and violence and acknowledge how violence should not be kept a secret. Milne (2006) stated in her clinical review that it challenged societys ideology e.g. gender issues, self-regard, culture of violence and providing confronting material that children can relate to. Children felt connected within the group, and at ease showing care to one another. It encouraged them to identify what actions were portrayed as violent, how to respond to situations and to speak out about their experiences. Both programs were successful in influencing students to view violence as unacceptable, and motivated them to seek help if needed. Behaviour change programs A behaviour change program that aims to change mens patriarchal ideology that men can take control over women, through teaching them to respond differently to trigger situations as well as counselling for alcohol driven domestic violence should be implemented in Mildura. Education and training can help perpetrators recognise their behaviour is abusive, and explore the use of non-violent strategies that promote intimate relationships built on respect, trust, and equality. A program in regional NSW called Taking Responsibility, has proven to have successful outcomes for men who wish to be better their relationships with partners and/or children. The program was evaluated using follow up interviews of men and partners of the men attending the program. Intended positive outcomes were achieved and expressed through quotations of the participants, and benefits included that men had learnt to change their attitudes towards women, and new ways to express their feelings instead of violence. M en felt they were accepted back by their partners which restored intimate partner relationships and strengthened family bonds. In addition, implementing cognitive-behavioural approaches has also proven successful in reducing alcohol related domestic violence. 53% per cent of women that have been physically assaulted by a male (in the past twenty years) reported that alcohol or drugs had been involved in their most recent incident (Phillips, 2017). Satyanarayana et al (2016) found that teaching cognitive-behavioral techniques including relaxation, anger management, assertiveness training and cognitive restructuring, is able to decrease alcohol consumption amongst men, and resulted in their partners having less depression, anxiety and stress from the DASS scores following intervention Mixed gender community sports programs A strategy that takes on a socio-environmental approach, is the use of well-known sports players to advocate against domestic violence through promoting positive relationships between girls and boys during mixed gender sports programs within the community. AFL football players can volunteer to participate within local football clubs to educate children about domestic violence, teaching them about what it is and why it is not acceptable, how to respond or avoid potential situations that could lead to violence, and access to help such as websites or phone lines. As children may view these players as role models, they will be more influenced to listen to them when out on the field.ÂÂ   An 8 week trial program called Equal Playing Field ran by the Rugby League used sport to minimise violence and assaults in less advantaged communities. This was first implemented for children in Papua New Guinea, and due to the high success rates, a school in Wollongong called Berkeleys Illawarra Spo rts High decided to also run the program. As a result, there were many positive reviews from both students, parents and the community when the well- known rugby players volunteered to educate the boys and girls during games of rugby. The mixed gender teams were encouraged to show good sportsmanship and positive behaviour and actions towards each-other, and acknowledge that violence between men and women within the home is not acceptable (Huntsdale, 2017). A similar program called Kicking goals for Healthy Relationships, created through the partnership of VicHealth and the Australian football league also depicted to be successful in engaging local rural communities and football clubs to promote respectful relationships between men and women (Loxton, Hosking, Williams, Brookes, Byles, 2008). Activities advocated and supported change in football club practises and policies to ensure safe, supportive and inclusive environments for women Both programs demonstrated the importance of usin g primary prevention interventions in highly masculinised environments (in this case sporting clubs), as boys attitudes are often shaped by other men they view as role models. The Ottawa charter and related health promotion values and principles The ability to create supportive environments and simultaneously strengthen community action is greatly shown in both Mandatory school based programs and community sports programs. These programs encourage people to care for each other through educating both students and the community to build healthy and respectful relationships with each other, and encourages change in attitudes towards domestic violence. This also strengthens the community actions as they are empowered to take ownership of these strategies such as advocating against domestic violence through displaying school work, or gathering at community sports events to advocate against domestic violence (The world health organisation, 2017). Through using methods such as education to empower youth to view domestic violence as unacceptable, both strategies align with Ottawa charter reorient health services as they focus strongly on primary promotion and preventative measures rather than secondary/tertiary. Establishing a policy where school based programs for domestic violence are made mandatory for all schools also aligns with building healthy public policy. It also greatly respects cultural diversity as students and/or schools from different culturally backgrounds i.g the local indigenous KODE school can implement the program. The community sports program mediates the ability for capacity building through collaboration and coordination of multiple parties within the community including local sports clubs and their teams, parents and AFL members. Therefore using pre-existing skills and resources within the community, not only encourages their participation, but also empowers them to feel responsible for this program which will help it remain sustainable in the long run. The behaviour change program supports Ottawa charter development of personal skills as it provides education and training for perpetrators of violence to develop skills, which enable them to have more control over their actions, so that they can respond appropriately to triggers that in the past would result in violence. This program takes on a holistic health approach through targeting perpetrators rather than the victims of domestic violence, in which far more programs for victims exist. Therefore, rather than focusing on treating consequences of domestic violence (i.e illness/injury) it takes into account the broader determinants of the people involved, such as their motivation for violence Occupational Therapy and health promotion Occupational therapists in Australia and worldwide can play a huge role in contributing to health promotion. They have the potential to raise awareness of domestic violence due to first- hand experience, however as there is little research available in occupational therapy literature, it is very difficult to single out well-known health promotion strategies. Some researchers have realised this, and conducted a systematic review of past programs/interventions implemented by occupational therapists who worked with victims of domestic violence. Carlson and Streit (2010) found that O.Ts have worked in more secondary/tertiary prevention settings, and key areas where they have added value in addressing domestic violence included advocating the importance of social support systems, providing training for emotional and financial troubles, as well as education on safety. Ramsay et al (2009) and Gutman et al (2004) depicted the important of occupational therapists using advocacy to connect those who were experiencing or had experienced domestic violence with social supports around the community and giving them resources that can help them become independent. It was found that women who were able to use community resources to find shelters or programs where other women in similar situations were found, was beneficial in stopping or preventing domestic violence. Through providing a range of support systems women learn to become re-engaged within their daily occupations and increase community participation. A stress management program for abused women promoted improvement in emotional well-being (Gutman et al, 2004). Women experience stress due to emotional issues surrounding the violence including feelings of helplessness and believing they deserved. Through learning strategies to manage stress, many participants were able to generalise learnt strategies outside the clinic, and increased their participation in previous activities that they were not able to do beforehand. Gutman et al (2004) also illustrated the importance of safety education, to decrease risk of partners becoming victim to domestic violence. Occupational therapists worked with woman to develop a safety plan: identifying a safe place to escape and connections to support systems so they could safety escape violent situations. Employment skills were the focus of an intervention designed by Helfrich and Rivera (2006), which supported women who had left their violent partners. Group sessions taught victims how to search for, apply for, and maintain a job, including how to write resumes, where and how to apply, completing mock interviews, and ways to advance in a job. Feedback given by participants were mostly positive and felt that they had learnt necessary skills to obtain a job within their community. Common challenges for occupational therapists It is somewhat difficult for occupational therapists to take particular health promotion approaches to address domestic violence. More than half of occupational therapists work in hospitals or outpatient settings where they fill secondary or tertiary health promoting roles through empowering people through education, training and equipment. Their aim being that their clients can develop the necessary skills to manage their chronic disease or injury and prevent further deterioration and potential secondary conditions. If occupational therapists turned to a more upstream primary prevention approach, it would be difficult to maintain the quality of services in the traditional downstream approach, and thus time constraints is also a pressure to adopt preventative health promotion role alongside their current remit (Scriven, Atwal, 2004). Occupational therapists, like any health profession, need to work with not only the health conditions of the community, but also their attitudes and social/cultural norms which can be barriers to implementing new programs. Communities that support or encourage the use of violence will make it very difficult for occupational therapist to implement a program advocates against domestic violence. For example intimate partner violence is accepted across India, Nigeria and China, where men have the right to discipline female behaviour. Sub groups of communities, can also have differing views of family violence, for example the indigenous communities or isolated rural areas within Australia may accept violence as a part of their culture, compared to the majority of the population who condone it (World Health Organisation, 2009). Lack of partnerships to establish a health promotion strategy is also a limitation for occupational therapists. Evidence has shown that occupational therapists often use concepts and medical terminology that can be misunderstood and possibly misconstrued in health promotion partnership arenas (Wilcock 1999, Townsend 1999). It is also found that it is easier for an occupational therapist to implement secondary health promotion such as cognitive behavioural training for perpetrators of violence rather than working towards implementing primary preventative approaches that rely on other organisations. In conclusion, with domestic violence being a significant issue in Mildura, health promotion strategies such as mandatory school based programs, behaviour change programs for perpetrators and community sports programs can influence members of the community to construct or change their attitudes towards domestic violence, to foster for healthy and respectful relationships. Occupational therapists face many challenges in the area of health promotion, as its harder for them to adopt an upstream primary preventative approach, due to time constraints and demands for secondary/tertiary care, as well as difficulty building partnerships and working with the differing cultural and social attitudes of specific communities. Furthermore, for occupational therapists wanting to become more engaged with health promotion, they need to be prepared to go extra lengths to gain power and respect from others, and have specific skills and resources to be able to facilitate for an upstream approach, to pre venting domestic violence in Mildura.